earthimager 2d manual

earthimager 2d manual

Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime. Report this Document Download Now Save Save Earth Imager 2 d Manual For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 1K views 139 pages Earth Imager 2 d Manual Uploaded by Aideliz Montiel Alvarez Description: Full description Save Save Earth Imager 2 d Manual For Later 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 139 Search inside document Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language. Upgrade your browser today or install Google Chrome Frame to better experience this site. Call us 512 346-4042 The package may be used for surface acquisiiton, cross-borehole tomography, or time-lapse modeling. Check the www.aarhusgeosoftware.dk website for the prices of the software and technical support. New inversion routines for time-lapse data. IP inversion using complex resistivity method. Free demo version that allows the user to save the inversion results for 2D data sets (including topography) with up to 84 electrodes. Full version supports up to 12000 electrodes. Supports I.P. time-lapse data, and underwater survey with water area of limited extent such as a survey line across a levee or dam. Supports underwater surveys with suspended streamer betwen water surface and bottom. The AGSLicense.dll and libiomp5md.dll files must be copied to the same folder as the RES2DINVx64.EXE file. Please note it does notFree demo version that allows the user to save the inversion results for 3D data sets (including topography) with up to 200 electrodes. Full Professional version supports up to 220,000 electrodes with 256GB RAM and time-lapse inversion. Aarhus Geosoftware 3DViewer included with Basic and Professional versions.http://drbenromdhane.com/userfiles/craftsman-generator-5600-watts-manual.xml

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Enterprise version with support for vector arrays, large mesh segmentation with support for up to 600,000 electrodes, VOI calculation. Res3dmodx64 ver. 3.06.09 Includes option for 4 nodes between electrodes and support for up to 128 GB RAM. Complex I.P. forward modeling. The RES2DINV andHowever, technical support is onlyIf you have one ofPlease contactApril 2019). Includes software, Tutorial Notes, abstracts and papers. Near Surface Geophysics, 1, 57-68. Journal of ContaminantExplorationGeophysicalArchaeologicalJournal of AppliedJournal of Contaminant Hydrology,Geophysical JournalJournal of Applied Geophysics, 93, 25-32 Near Surface Geophysics, 13, 505-517. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 123, 322-332. Geophysical Reserach Letters, 43, 1166-1174. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 135, 338-355. Geophysical Prospecting, 66, 579-594. Near Surface Geophysics, 16, 230-237. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 155, 237-245. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176 (4),1701-1715. Geoderma, 344, 108-118. FastTimes, 24 (4), 56-62. Near Surface Geophysics, 18, 427-443. Geophysical Prospecting, 68, 2579-2597.A simple and visual introduction to various topics on 2-D, 3-D and 4-D inversions. The search for groundwater in a harsh butSupported by RES3DINV. The user interface of the program is designed for functionality and ease of use. All available settings of the program can be reached from the main window. The subsurface is discretized using a hybrid mesh generated by the combination of structured and unstructured meshes, which reduces the computational cost of the whole inversion procedure. The inversion routine is based on the smoothness constrained least squares method. In order to verify the program, responses of two test models and field data sets were inverted. The models inverted from the synthetic data sets are consistent with the original test models in both DC resistivity and IP cases.http://www.festihutireland.com/uploads/craftsman-generator-5600-manual.xml

A field data set acquired in an archaeological site is also used for the verification of outcomes of the program in comparison with the excavation results. Resistivity and IP inversion software. Instruction manual, Advanced Geosciences, Inc., Austin, USA, 139 pp. Wlacz go, a nastepnie odswiez strone, aby moc w pelni z niej korzystac. We observed that 2D and 3D resistivity surveys at the same location produced very different images on the same cross section. This discrepancy causes much confusion among practitioners about effectiveness of resistivity imaging methods. In addition, many resistivity imaging practitioners are interested in combining multiple 2D data sets collected along parallel survey lines into a pseudo 3D data set for 3D inversion. In this paper, we investigated these two issues with numerical simulations and field data tests. We found that most of the features on an extracted slice image from 3D inversion appeared on the image from 2D inversion, but the 2D inverted resistivity cross-section appeared more complicated with more anomalies and higher resistivity contrast. The objects which did not intersect the imaging plane would be folded onto the 2D inverted cross-section. This is why false anomalies are often seen on the 2D resistivity images. Therefore, 3D resistivity imaging methods are the better technology for subsurface H103 imaging. We also found that the true 3D survey with a large number of cross-line measurements is an ideal approach for a 3D resistivity survey because it offers a better subsurface resolution than a pseudo 3D survey. However, a pseudo 3D survey without any cross-line measurements is an acceptable alternative to a true 3D survey as far as the line spacing is equal to or less than twice the electrode spacing. These findings enable many practitioners with a limited number of electrodes to conduct 3D resistivity surveys efficiently for a reasonable 3D resolution. Built to last in real conditions.

The SuperSting is rented for profiling or soundings through Earth resistivity surveys. The surveys are used to map changes below the ground's surface. The spacing of the elctrodes varies on penetration depths. Closely spaced electrodes limit depths to ten feet while electrodes spaced five meters can reach depths of hundreds of feet. Use the interconnective cable to combine the two systems. If the externally linked content is large, access may take time.The other data collected for the published article (e.g., bore logs) are solely within the article itself and the associated supplementary information published with the article at the journal website. Linked content isThe SuperSting R8 and EarthImager 2D manuals by Advanced Geosciences, Inc. (AGI) contain detailed information about the procedure. The links in the following citations require AGI customer access. Advanced Geosciences, Inc. (2009). Instruction Manual for EarthImager 2D Version 2.4.0 Resistivity and IP Inversion Software. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from. Retrieved January 20, 2018, from. The file fillsummary.csv contains general information about each of the field sites. Each of the four (4).zip files contains the data for one valley fill. Within each.zip file, file names use two-character fill abbreviations: BH for Barton Hollow, BW for Bearwallow, EF for End Fill, and OF for Office Fill. For descriptions within this readme file, we use XX to represent these two-character fill abbreviations. Each of the.zip files includes folders and basic files for each ERI survey at the valley fill, organized by survey. The naming system is:For each survey, there are four basic files that are downloaded from the resistivity meter prior to data processing:We did not need to use the.zip files during data processing. Each survey folder (e.g. XXLONG) contains one or more trial folders, which in turn contain files associated with one data inversion, i.e., one run of the EarthImager 2D software.

EarthImager automatically creates the hierarchy of the trial folders. The automatic contents of these folders include five files:This may differ from the original.stg file downloaded from the resistivity meter if noisy data points or electrodes have been removed from the raw dataset. Files Associated with Time Lapse Inversion. Outside of the survey folders, there are a few files used during the time-lapse inversion process.The exact file paths will differ depending on where you save your files.The folders for surveys involving artificial rainfall (XXSHORTB, XXSHORTC, XXSHORTD, XXSHORTE) include additional files.Note: the details of how to perform each data processing task are found in the EarthImager 2D manual, unless stated otherwise. Prior to data processingThis will be used for the ERI surveys. The.cmd files we used appear in each fill's.zip file.Gather topographic data of the sites.Basic data processingThese can later be found in.ini files.Check data editing statistics, which are based on the initial settings and the raw data.EarthImager will automatically organize the files in a folder system of inversion trials, as described above and in the EarthImager manual.We removed above 50% data misfit using the data misfit histogram. Time-lapse data processingSelect the base case survey's.out file and the subsequent surveys'.stg files. Save the resulting.bch file.We compared surveys based on conductivity changes. We ran the initial time-lapse inversion using a scale of -100% to 100% difference.Save the resulting.avi file if desired.We adjusted the color scale such that blues and greens represented increases in conductivity over time; reds and yellows represented conductivity decreases (or inversion artifacts, as is more likely); and white represented little to no change in conductivity from the base case survey. We saved these custom color scales as.lvl files.Find us on Github.

Next Article in Special Issue Contribution of Full Wave Acoustic Logging to the Detection and Prediction of Karstic Bodies Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled.Previous research indicates that there is likely to be a seawater intrusion in Kamala. The main purpose of this study was to delineate the seawater intrusion problem in a coastal aquifer in Kamala. Geo-electrical surveys of four lines were successfully conducted in the study area. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion models from the resistivity data show high-resolution subsurface resistivity anomalies of seawater intrusion. The concentration of the seawater intrusion decreases eastward toward the inland areas. Based on a sample measurement, the contaminated zone of seawater has a resistivity value smaller than 30 Ohm-m, and the empirical relationship between the formation conductivity and fluid conductivity of the study area was established. Finally, time-lapse Electrical Resistivity Imaging (time-lapse ERI) was conducted to prove that there was no presence of clay layers in study area; thus, the low resistivity plumes (smaller than 30 Ohm-m) were scientifically interpreted as being seawater intrusion.During the last decade, Phuket Island (Thailand) has experienced extensive urbanization and an associated shift away from a largely agricultural economy to one governed by the growth of tourism. Water demands in the Phuket area have therefore greatly increased, due to the rapid increase of the population and tourists, alongside the consequent economic growth. The over-exploitation of available groundwater can cause a landward migration of groundwater pollution due to the intrusion of seawater. The balance between fresh water in the aquifer and seawater intruding from the Andaman Sea has probably been altered due to the over-pumping of groundwater to satisfy the rapid increase in water demand to support tourism in the past decade.

Their research found that both TDS and Cl were higher than the water quality standard, and the correlation between TDS and Cl were high in this area, as shown in Figure 1. The authors successfully determined the present of brackish and saline water zones with resistivity values ranging from 1 to 30 Ohm-m in their study area. Their study confirmed that the brackish water zone varied from 7.0 Ohm-m to 15.0 Ohm-m while saline water plumes were determined with resistivity values from 3.0 Ohm-m to 7.0 Ohm-m. In recent years, several studies have been conducted around the world to elucidate the spatial distribution of seawater intrusions, and to delineate the areas characterized by the presence of seawater, and how that influences groundwater resistivity values. Two-dimension ERI (2D ERI) was conducted to delineate the zone of seawater intrusion, while time-lapse ERI models were generated to present the clay layer and seasonal effect on seawater intrusion. The resistivity range used for interpreting the seawater-contaminated zone in this study was estimated using a soil sample measurement taken in the laboratory. This area is representative of the areas with the most tourism-related developments and intensive anthropologic activities, with most of the surrounding areas being built-up for tourism, which favors a heavy seawater intrusion. Most of the drinking water is supplied by groundwater wells, and local people have complained that some wells have experienced an increase in groundwater salinity and other effects of seawater intrusion, e.g., material corrosion, water turbidity, etc. Among the producing and monitoring wells, B3—situating at coordinates UTM (420,666, 878,738)—has been observed to be invaded by seawater. The top layer is composed of fine-grained sediments (sand and sandy soil) approximately 20 m thick overlying a weathered rock layer, which extends to a thickness of nearly 70 m, with most of the bedrock being granite ( Figure 3 ).

Phuket is located in the Andaman Sea, on the western peninsular of Thailand. The geological setting of the Kamala sub-district is Phuket, which is the largest island in Thailand with an area of approximately 543 km 2, and most (around 70%) of that area is covered by mountains stretching from north to south with a maximum elevation of 529 meters above sea level (masl). The remaining 30% is flat plain areas located mainly in the middle and eastern parts of the island. Geographically, there are no main rivers, but there are nine brooks and creeks. The west coast has stretches of mountain and white sandy beaches. The eastern part is dominated by muddy soil and mangrove forests. The total forest area is around 307.9 km 2, and—between 2007 and 2009—the area consisted of nine forests and seven mangrove forests. Geologically, the island is basically composed of igneous rock (granite and granodiorite) in the west, and of sedimentary rock (mudstone and conglomerate) in the center. The geology of Phuket was naturally formed by tectonic activity in its setting in the southern part of Thailand, and there is a major fold with intrusive granite in the north-south direction. In fact, Phuket Island has both a fold produced by granite intrusion in the Cretaceous age and a fault caused by the convergent boundary of a tectonic plate, creating a subduction zone in the Andaman region. Phuket is affected by both the southwest and northeast monsoons. Rainfall is highest during the rainy season from April to November, while the summer lasts from December to March. The aquifer is classified as an unconfined aquifer formed from two layers consisting of fine-grain sediments (clayey sand and soil) and weathered rock. Based on the producing wells distributed in the Kamala sub-district, the average depth of groundwater is 12 m below ground level (approximately ?3 masl).

The highest groundwater potential is located in Tepkrasattri sub-district, Thalang district, on the northeastern part of Phuket Island. It is evident that the average groundwater consumption on Phuket Island shows an increasing trend from 2006 to 2016. That the Phuket groundwater level increased despite the high extraction rate probably implies seawater intrusion. Therefore, the determination of the resistivity threshold to be used for an interpretation of seawater intrusion is first needed before the Geo-electrical surveys are conducted. A beach sand sample, as shown on the map in Figure 2, was collected at a 3 m depth from the study area using a hand auger. The sample was brought to the laboratory in order to conduct the experiments of the formation resistivity measurement. In the laboratory, the samples were separated into 11 samples with a volume of 232 cm 3 each.The artificial seawater intrusion was made up of Andaman seawater and tap water, with different proportions of the Andaman sea by volume (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Furthermore, the fluid electrical conductivity and TDS of each artificial seawater intrusion was measured using a HANNA HI 9813-6 portable meter in order to determine the fluid resistivity Finally, the formation factor of the geological material in the study area would also be defined by the above information. 2.3. Geo-Electrical Surveys 2.3.1. 2D ERI Groundwater and both its physical and chemical properties influence the electrical current flowing in the subsurface. Resistivity is commonly reduced by the salinization of groundwater. Four ERI lines (Line-1, Line-2, Line-3 and Line-4) were conducted near Kamala Beach in the western part of Phuket Island as shown in Figure 2. The field measurements from these resistivity surveys were implemented with an AGI SuperSting R2 resistivity meter with a multi-electrode system of 56 electrode channels.

The ERI survey lines were positioned to delineate both the depth and extent of the seawater intrusion zones. The ERI data measured was based on four survey lines. Two survey lines (Line-1 and Line-2) were set up from north to south, parallel to the Andaman Sea, while Line-3 and Line-4 ran in the east-west direction, perpendicular to the shoreline. Line-1 was laid on the beach and was about 220 m long, and the investigation depth in this line reached 50 m; Line-2 was located inland, was 165 m long and reached an investigation depth of about 40 m. The different lengths and spacing between Line-1 and Line-2 was because of the space availability and the desired depth of data penetration. Line-3 and Line-4—with 165 m long cables (3 m in spacing)—were set up to determine the interface between fresh and seawater in the study site. The ERI data acquisitions are provided in detail in Table 1. The apparent resistivity data were automatically stored in the instrument’s memory, then the data were inverted using computer software in order to create ERI models using an optimization process (adjusting iteratively) between the calculated and observed apparent resistivity values. EarthImager 2D (Version 2.4.4) software was used to invert the data into a 2D model to allow imaging with the highest level of detail to facilitate the investigation of changes in the subsurface groundwater salinity. The clay layers can cause the seawater intrusion to be misinterpreted when using ERI. With this perception, the resistivity of seawater intrusion in the dry season (from December to April) is smaller than that in the rainy season (from May to November) because the aquifer is likely to be penetrated by rainfall as a natural refill. Similarly, if the change of resistivity in the time-lapse ERI is not found seasonally in the aquifer, that indicates the possibility of clay layers being present in the study area.

Consequently, Line-2 and Line-4 conducted the time-lapse ERI using EarthImager 2D (Version 2.4.4) software in both the dry and rainy seasons in order to prove that the low resistivity in the study area is caused by seawater intrusion and that there are no misleading interpretations due to clay layers in this study. The time-lapse inversion module of EarthImager 2D produces difference images between any monitor dataset and the base dataset. The difference inversion requires inversion of the dry season dataset as the base dataset and inversion of the rainy season dataset as a single monitor dataset. The formation resistivity decreases with an increase in the volume of seawater in saturated beach sand.The fluid conductivity was plotted as a function of the formation conductivity ( Figure 5 b).In addition, the noise ratio of each line was manually processed in order to reduce the RMS in the inversion results. Based on the apparent resistivity in the Kamala coastal area, the 2D-ERI results give clear evidence for the influence of a seawater intrusion. The 2D-ERI result from Line-1 ( Figure 6 a) shows a wide and elongated low resistivity zone representing the seawater intrusion. The thickness of the seawater intrusion zone ranges from approximately 6 m in the south to 23 m in the north. Therefore, the seawater intrudes increasingly towards the north. The contaminated zone extends outward from the seawater intrusion zone, throughout the investigation depth at around -31 masl. Line-2 was situated parallel to Line-1 at a distance of 80 m. The main difference in the 2D-ERI result between Line-2 ( Figure 6 b) and Line-1 is the appearance of the seawater intrusion zone at the edges of the model at a depth of about 19 m (0.2 to ?19.4 masl) at the southern edge, and at a depth of about 10 m (5 to ?4.7 masl) in the north. Furthermore, the seawater intrusion and the contaminated zones decrease eastward away from the Andaman Sea.

In contrast to those lines, Line-3 and Line-4 were situated perpendicularly to the beach at a distance of about 360 m from them in order to identify the interface between fresh and sea water. The 2D-ERI results of Line-3 ( Figure 7 a) and Line-4 ( Figure 7 b) are identical. The data quality of Line-3 and Line-4 are considered to be very high. Low contact resistance (lower than 1000 Ohm in average) was detected along those profiles covered by moisture soil. For Line-3 and Line-4, very few noisy data points were deleted in order to obtain the low RMS in the output inversion. The data of Line-3 and Line-4 produced 6.13% and 4.78% of the RMS, respectively. These results are reasonable because Line-4 located around 10 m from Line-3; therefore, the results between these two lines are not expected to be much different. Regarding the time-lapse ERI of Line-2 ( Figure 8 c), at the southern part (from around 5 masl to the datum) and the northern part of the profile, the result shows the percentage change (100%) representing the increment of resistivity (corresponding to a decrease of the salination in the porous media in aquifer). The resistivity of these plumes was lower than 6 Ohm-m in the dry season (the end of December 2018), as shown in Figure 8 a, but increased in the rainy season (June 2019), as presented in Figure 8 b, due to a rainfall infiltration into the aquifer. This output is reasonable, because the aquifer in Kamala is an unconfined aquifer (weathered rock) overlain by sandy soil; therefore, the significant rainfall might penetrate easily and abruptly to the subsurface. In terms of the time-lapse ERI of Line-4 ( Figure 9 ), the rise of resistivity (percentage change from 20% to 100%) is shown in the zone locating the western part of the inversion model. This zone is highly conductive during the dry season (February 2018). However, the resistivity value of this zone is higher in the rainy month (June 2019), compared to that of the dry season.

For this profile, it indicates clearly that the reduction in resistivity presents near ground surface (approximately 4 m in thickness) owing to seasonal freshwater recharge supplied regionally from the mainland which is a similar reason to time-lapse ERI of Line-2. According to these two pieces of evidence, the low resistivity plumes (smaller than 30 Ohm m) are confirmed as indicating the presence of seawater intrusion. The geo-electrical survey using 2D-ERI in combination with laboratory testing in this study presents a successful investigation technique for characterizing the subsurface of the spatial distribution of seawater dynamics in coastal aquifers. The resistivity threshold obtained from laboratory testing can help to eliminate a wide range of resistivities based on different locations in terms of the ERI interpretation. Most of the studies interpreted the resistivity results using their estimated range of the resistivity of seawater and freshwater without conducting systematic studies into correct ERI interpretation. However, a predicting assessment (seawater simulation) and quantitative estimations are both the limitation and the research gap of this study. The subsurface information results of this study can be used to motivate further research modelling seawater intrusion, and for determining and predicting the effects of different pumping schemes. 4. Conclusions A combination of geo-electrical surveys using 2D-ERI and time-lapse ERI and groundwater chemistry data has been proven to be an effective tool for delineating the spatial extent and interaction between freshwater and seawater from a seawater intrusion in the Kamala subdistrict in the west of Phuket Island. Resistivity represents a feasible and efficient parameter for both quantitative and qualitative studies with respect to the problem of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The 2D models show the extent of seawater intrusion in the freshwater aquifer in Kamala.

In addition, a clear relationship between the earth resistivity and water resistivity was found, and the resistivity value used for interpreting the contaminated zone in the study area—Kamala—was established. Finally, these research findings can help us establish the capacity of the aquifer and the threshold level of groundwater exploitation, in order to maintain the sustainable use of water resources in this area. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding The authors would like to thank the Thai Royal Scholarship under Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Education Project for providing financial support for conducting this research. Acknowledgments We would like to express our sincere thanks to R. Men, N.N. Htwe, T.T. Yacob, and K.M. Phoung, students at the Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Earth System Science and Andaman Natural Disaster Management (ESSAND), for technical support and for field operations. We would also like to extend our thanks to the Department of Groundwater Resources (DGR), Thailand for providing the groundwater chemistry data. Finally, we would like to thank PSU English Clinic for English proofreading. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International (ISET); Thailand Environmental Institute (TEI); Vietnam National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies (VNISTPSS). Available online: (accessed on 26 August 2017).Study area showing electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) line surveys, soil sampling, cross-section lines, and groundwater wells.Study area showing electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) line surveys, soil sampling, cross-section lines, and groundwater wells. Subsurface stratigraphy of Kamala along Line AA’ and BB’.Subsurface stratigraphy of Kamala along Line AA’ and BB’. Schematic of sand beach sample measurement in laboratory.

Schematic of sand beach sample measurement in laboratory. Cross-correlation between: ( a ) formation resistivity and TDS and ( b ) formation and fluid resistivity.Cross-correlation between: ( a ) formation resistivity and TDS and ( b ) formation and fluid resistivity. Two-dimensional (2D) ERI result: ( a ) Line-1 and ( b ) Line-2. Two-dimensional (2D) ERI result: ( a ) Line-3 and ( b ) Line-4.Two-dimensional (2D) ERI result: ( a ) Line-3 and ( b ) Line-4. Time-lapse ERI inversion: ( a ) ERI-Line-2 in dry season, ( b ) ERI Line-2 in rainy season, and ( c ) TL-ERI Line-2.Time-lapse ERI inversion: ( a ) ERI-Line-2 in dry season, ( b ) ERI Line-2 in rainy season, and ( c ) TL-ERI Line-2. Time-lapse ERI inversion: ( a ) ERI-Line-4 in dry season, ( b ) ERI Line-4 in rainy season, and ( c ) TL-ERI Line-4.Time-lapse ERI inversion: ( a ) ERI-Line-4 in dry season, ( b ) ERI Line-4 in rainy season, and ( c ) TL-ERI Line-4. Soil sample measurement to determine the resistivity for seawater intrusion in Kamala.Soil sample measurement to determine the resistivity for seawater intrusion in Kamala. Soil sample measurement to determine the resistivity for seawater intrusion in Kamala.Soil sample measurement to determine the resistivity for seawater intrusion in Kamala. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). Read more about our cookies here. The result from the Earth Imager can be printed or exported as an xyz-file (NAME.xyz). When the transfer is done, click on the Exit button and press the MEN key on the. It interprets data Charles Xie, Interactive Heat Transfer Simulations for Everyone, The Physics Teacher, The pictures to the right show a comparison of the results of Energy2D simulations with images from infrared (IR) thermography for a Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Thermoelectric Power Generator System for.